Car Insurance Rates

Travelling has always provided the fun and entertainment for younger generation. They always hit the roads with beautiful cars and girls sitting beside them. But, it is very important that they carry with them all the necessary papers which will provide them the opportunity to drive a car without any hurdles. Of all the paper work required insurance is the most important of all for the driver. If the driver is young then they must have young person's car insurance which will help them drive a car without any hurdle or problem.

Insurance being the main part for a driver and that too for a younger driver it is a must paper one has to apply for the same before they plan to drive a car. People who are below 21 years of age should apply for young person's car insurance which is provided by many insurance providers. But, before one approaches an insurance provider for application, there are certain things that are to be fulfilled which will help the applicant get an approval for the car insurance. The main important factor that the insurance provides consider while accepting the application is the drivers record of the applicant. A clean driving record will help the applicant get the approval easily and also at an affordable price which he or she has to pay as premium. People who have bad driving record are required to pay higher premium amounts and also have to face some difficulties for approval of the application.

Car insurance for young people is provided at higher premium rates as most of the accidents that happen involves drivers who are below 25 years of age. Hence, insurance providers charge a higher premium for their insurance. But there are certain ways through which the higher premium amount can be bought down so that the applicant no longer have to pay heavy amounts as premium for the insurance policy. There are different kinds of policies that are available from which the applicant can choose the one which best fits into his or her criteria. Young person's car insurance provides the opportunity for many to drive cars who always wish to travel in their own vehicle.

As there are many insurance providers available in the market it can be a difficult task for many to opt for the best policy that these currently available in the market. For this the applicant can carry out a small research which will enable them to look out for the best policy among all. There are many websites which provides the opportunity to compare young person's car insurance policies among different providers. This provides an opportunity to understand and choose the one which will best fit into the criteria.

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Case Summary of Cases Involving Photographic Evidence: Relevant, Material, and More Probative than Inflammatory Photographic Evidence Cases

Death penalty map (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

by Elizabeth Hall

Introduction

Ever since the photograph has been used as evidence rules have had to be set to ensure the validity and relevance of evidence such as this (Robinson, 2010).  Often individual defendants challenge the use of evidence particularly when the photographs are gruesome and may change juroropinion due to shock value.  In the following cases, Hoskins v. State   Johnny HOSKINS, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee, No.  SC05-28, and People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal, 4th 313, 60 Cal. Rptr.3^rd 209; 160 P.3d 84 this was the case (FindLaw 2012, & FindLaw 2, 2012).  These cases deal with relevance, material, and, whether or not the photographic evidence is more probative than inflammatory.  We will discuss the rulings, and how current legal standards apply to them.

Hoskins v. State   Johnny HOSKINS, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.  No.  SC05-28.  April 19, 2007. 

 According to FindLaw (2012), this case involves a defendant’s death sentence appeal, and among other issues raised the question on whether or not the trial court should have let his attorney show autopsy photos during Voir Dire. The claim was that because this was a death penalty case, the photographs should have been shown to potential jurors to ascertain whether they would cause them to vote yes for the death penalty.  The trial judge did not allow the photos shown, instead orally described them.  On appeal, since every death penalty case automatically goes to appellate court, Hoskins’ attorney argued that the penalty portion of the case was affected as reported by FindLaw (2012).

People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal, 4th 313, 60 Cal. Rptr.3^rd 209; 160 P.3d 84.

FindLaw 2 (2012) reports that this case involves eight photographs and their admittance during the voir dire phase of a first degree murder trial.  Bonilla’s defense council argued that the photos were not relevant extremely inflammatory, too gruesome, and cumulative, which would affect the juror’s opinion negatively denying his right to a fair trial implying that they would incur him the death penalty.  The photos were of the victim’s remains, which were mummified by that time and were shot at the gravesite where the body was found notes FindLaw 2 (2012). 

Current Legal Standards

Robinson (2010) holds that in order for a photograph to be admissible as evidence certain criteria must apply to the image. Because photographic images that are used for court purposes are expected to be accurate representations of the crime scene and evidence found there can sway the outcome of the trial, the photographer must take care to make sure they all fall in the scope of the Federal Rules of Evidence.  Any photographic evidence submitted in a court of law must follow these guidelines including standards for relevancy, representation, focus, material, recreations, and prejudicial value.  Relevancy and material go hand in hand. 

A photo is relevant if it “proves or disproves any disputed fact in the case”; Robinson (2010) goes on to say that, the Federal Rules of Evidence also state that the evidence must some probative value to the issue at hand.  Material evidence must also prove or disprove a material fact or issue in the case. It must also have more than a “remote” relation to the issues of the case.   The prosecution also cannot introduce photographs into evidence simply to inflame the jury by the sight, but must have a valid reason that it relative to the court case.

An inflammatory photo may falsely prejudice the jury against the defendant and may be excluded from the initial trial, but could still be admitted during the penalty phase of the trial (Robinson, 2010).  An example of this would be an accident shot, with a ruler for scaling, which serves as a fair and accurate representation of the scene that clearly shows victim injuries while the medical specialist discusses the injuries. The picture could also be submitted in black and white to devalue the shock while maintaining evidentiary value.  Robinson (2010) states that recreations and black and white imaging are allowed, and that for recreations the fact that this is not an original must not be hidden from the courts.  This concerns more probative than prejudicial rules of evidence as well, and the accident shot, now considered more probative than prejudiced because the photographer had included scaling evidence, shows proof of size and type of injury as the pathologist explains the effects.  Another rule is that the shot must represent a fair and accurate representation of the scene which mens that it must not be altered, taken away from, added to, or retouched in any fashion (Robinson, 2010).

Conclusion- The Rulings

Robinson (2010) holds that the ruling on the People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal, 4th 313, 60 Cal. Rptr.3^rd 209; 160 P.3d 84., in which the objection was during the penalty phase, and the photos that were cumulative had been excluded from the trial phase already, as twelve were entered and eight were selected.  The court ruled that the photos were admissible overruling the objections citing relevant case law to back the decision.  People v. Roldan (2005) 35 Cal.4^th 646,713., and People v. Garule (2002) 28 Cal.4^th557,624.  uphold that the trial judge had great discretion in the case (FindLaw 2, 2012).  At the penalty phase, the prosecution has already proved that the defendant committed the crime so evidence would not be excluded simply because they were gruesome.  This is also along with the decision as to the exclusion for unnecessary prejudice, as stated by Evidence Code section 352, that trial judges’ rulings must be upheld unless more prejudice than probative applies clearly, according to FindLaw 2 (2012). 

The photos were ruled relevant as they showed factual evidence of what happened to the victim during the commission of the crime.  This also reinforces the testimony given by the other criminal present during the crime.  People v. Moon, supra, 37 Cal.4^th at p.35. upholds that murder is gruesome, and the medical professional while explaining his statements used the photos.  This applies that they were more probative than prejudiced and cumulative factors were decided at trial. 

In the Hoskins v. State   Johnny HOSKINS, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.  No.  SC05-28.  April 19, 2007., the court’s ruling on the matter of showing potential jurors in a homicide case during voir dire pictures of mummified remains at a gravesite and inquiring whether they would sway their opinion on the death penalty citing that the defense cited no previous case law, that no discretionary rules were crossed (FindLaw, 2012).  The trial court had allowed testimony about the photos at voir dire but not allowed the photos and under State v. Thibodeaux, 728 So.2d 416, 422.  that is acceptable.  The use of the photographs during the voir dire portion of the trial would have made a “fair and impartial jury” nearly impossible.  By allowing the defense to ask about the jurors’ reactions to gory, gruesome photographs, the court did not impede the jury selection. 

References:

FindLaw (2012).  Hoskins v. State   Johnny HOSKINS, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.  No.  SC05-28.  Retrieved From: http://caselaw.findlaw.com/fl-supreme-court/1148880.html

FindLaw 2 (2012).  People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal, 4th 313, 60 Cal. Rptr.3^rd 209; 160 P.3d 84.  Retrieved From: http://login.findlaw.com/scripts/callaw?dest=ca/cal4th/41/313.html

Robinson, E.M., (2010).  Crime Scene Photography: Second Edition.  Boston, Elsevier, Academic Press. 

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Term Life Insurance ? A Better Option to Mortgage Life Insurance

A mortgage life insurance is a type of insurance policy that is designed to pay off your mortgage in the event of your untimely death. The insurance company will pay off any outstanding balance left on your mortgage leaving your family debt-free. Typically, in this type of insurance, as your mortgage decreases, so does the amount of insurance.

How Mortgage Life Insurance Works

When mortgage insurance begins, the coverage must equal the outstanding amount on the repayment mortgage. The policys termination date must coincide with the date scheduled for the final payment on the repayment mortgage. The insurance company calculates the annual rate at which the insurance cover should decrease in order to reflect the value of the capital outstanding on the repayment mortgage. Some mortgage policies will include provisions for payouts if the policyholder is diagnosed with a terminal illness from which he or she is expected to die within a year of being diagnosed.

Purchasing mortgage life insurance is not such a good idea. In fact, its hard to find any mortgage life insurance which offers good value. The main reason why purchasing this type of insurance is a bad idea is because currently, traditional mortgage life insurance rates are not as competitive, as say, most term life rates.

Reasons why mortgage life insurance is not a good idea

Term Life Insurance Makes More Sense

More People Choose Term Life Insurance over Mortgage Life Insurance

It is more common to see people purchasing term life insurance with return of premiums options instead of mortgage life insurance. At the end of the term, all the premiums you have paid are refunded to you, tax-free.

Another better option to mortgage life insurance is a level term life policy. A level term life policy will give you the benefit of paying level premiums throughout the term period. And unlike mortgage life insurance, your death benefits will not decrease during the full term period.

Finding the Best Deal on Term Life Insurance

You can get the best term life insurance at the most affordable price by using online life insurance providers. Many of these not only offer the best term life insurance quote but also free professional services to help you identify policies that suit your needs the best and make meaningful recommendations. Look for online life insurance providers who are BBB-accredited and are affiliated with the best life insurance carriers in the industry. They will provide you with instant life insurance quotes which you can use to compare prices and products. This will help you make an informed decision and land you with a policy that best suits your needs at the most affordable price.

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Today’s Investigative Special Report – December 28, 2012 “Dealing With Today’s Law Enforcement Specialized Investigations” “Can Law Enforcement Utilize Domestic Drones To Investigate Child Sexual Assault Cases And Monitor Pedophiles”

By Lawrence W. Daly, MSc

Forensic Expert – Senior Author

In the early 1970s the closest dream of spaceships was on the movie Star Trek. Since then there has been a multitude of scientific television shows, movies, books written, and many other venues. Law enforcement was the furthest thoughts from those who were creative and innovative in how to build airships which would assist them in the resolution of criminal behavior.

The Iraq and Afghanistan war allowed the military to develop airships such as war drones which allowed many covert missions providing surveillance, intelligence, targets, and anything else they could use the airships for.

Moving to 2012 law enforcement agencies began developing plans to use domestic drones to assist them in many situations. Specifically, the drones were utilized to take down drug dealers, perform surveillance on perpetrators who may be conspiring to commit crimes against a politician, government official, or the government.

So the question is how can domestic drones not only assist law enforcement with specific crimes but expand their usefulness in investigations such as child sexual assault cases and monitor the actions and movements of pedophiles? Let us examine and evaluate a domestic drone’s utilization by law enforcement:

1.      A domestic drone houses sophisticated computer software and hardware and specific information can be provided to the computer can be given identities of the names and addresses of convicted pedophiles in specific counties. The drone would then target only pedophiles, not violating anyone’s privacy.

2.      A domestic drone would be provided the physical descriptions, vehicles, family information, who resides in his residence, what his probation, parole, and court restrictions are; where and when he attends sexual deviance treatment; and much more information which provides all of his nuances, subtleties, habits, employment and his hobbies.

3.      A domestic drone would be provided the locations of parks and recreation sites where pedophiles and other sexual locations may cause law enforcement to be concerned of prostitution and under age sex with adults.

4.      A domestic drone would be provided the locations of all men’s entertainment clubs and sex shops.

5.      A domestic drone would be provided the locations of all the schools e.g. elementary, middles, and high schools.

6.      A domestic drone would be provided all of the school bus routes of the elementary schools.

7.      A domestic drone would be provided all of the schools which are in close proximity of playfields, parks, and any type of recreational facilities.

8.      A domestic drone would be provided geographical patterns of unknown perpetrators who are sexually assaulting children and adults. Areas where perpetrators have attempted child abductions, abducted children, and sexually assaulted children.

Implementing and inserting domestic drones to target geographical areas, pedophiles and their activities, and much more would require multiple individuals and organizations becoming a community of their own. Similar to a task force the specific community of law enforcement officials would join together with the FAA and military that would maintain and control the domestic drone actions, activities, targets, missions, and so forth.

Each law enforcement agency would provide a detective to the specific domestic drone division. The assignments of each detective would be no different than any other criminal intelligence division. Detectives would be responsible to provide the drone with geographical profiling of pedophiles and locations of possible criminal activity.

Dr. David Canter at least three decades ago created the theory when profiling a serial rapist’s the law enforcement profilers should consider identifying the geographical area the serial rapists is attacking his victims and then with this information apprehend him by predicting where and when he would attack his next victim.

Using the domestic drone and using Dr. Canter’s theories the drone would be able to cover the targeted areas utilizing the tools of the domestic drone which it has available to it. Law enforcement would have to adjust their plans as using the domestic drone would take some time to learn how to use it. There would have to be major checks and balances in implementing this program.

There are many individuals and organizations who do not want domestic drones seen in the skies in the United States. The ACLU recently made their position very clear on using domestic drones here in the United States. They stated:

We need a system of rules to ensure that we can enjoy the benefits of this technology without bringing us a large step closer to a “surveillance society” in which our every move is monitored, tracked, recorded, and scrutinized by the authorities…we have outlined a set of protections that we believe would protect Americans’ privacy in the coming world of drones.

The message from half of the United States population say they are in favor of law enforcement agencies in using domestic drones to stop criminals from committing crimes. A study by The Associated Press and The National Constitution Center stated only 36 percent said that they “strongly oppose” or “somewhat “oppose” police use of drones, according to the survey. Further, that about 1/3 were only worried about their privacy being eroded by the adoption of drones by law enforcement throughout the country.

Too many children are abducted all over the world. According to The U.S. Department of Justice reports

• Nearly 800,000 children younger than 18 are missing each year, or an average of 2,185 children reported missing each day.
• More than 200,000 children were abducted by family members.
• More than 58,000 children were abducted by nonfamily members.
• 115 children were the victims of “stereotypical” kidnapping. These crimes involve someone the child does not know or a slight acquaintance that holds the child overnight, transports the child 50 miles or more, kills the child, demands ransom, or intends to keep the child permanently.

Can the use of domestic drones reduce some of these statistics? If one child is saved because a domestic drone is proactively utilized by law enforcement, then the creative and innovative methods and techniques is worth it. When you have 2,185 children missing each day, then law enforcement needs to take any and all technology and attempt to stop those who kidnap children, sexually assault and murder them.

The privatization of the monitoring of pedophiles is something this author developed a step by step module twenty-five years ago, prior to the registration and check in and out system which currently law enforcement utilizes to monitor them. Imagine a monitoring system where the FAA allows law enforcement to select areas in the communities e.g. schools, playgrounds, and parks and monitor any pedophile that may come into those areas. Remember pedophiles target areas where children generally are located. If a chip was devised that all pedophiles would be required to have inserted into their arms and the domestic drone had the ability to monitor each pedophile utilizing these chips, then the 2,185 children missing each day would be reduced significantly.

The time to take advantage of creative and innovative minds and combine these minds with the newest technology such as domestic drones would only be a proactive step in the right direction in protecting children and making pedophiles accountable for the crimes they commit. If the FAA is willing to allow law enforcement to bring a plan to the table, then this aggressive step would put such fear in pedophiles that just the thought of being monitored would immediately have a reduction of abductions, sexually assaults and the murdering of children.

When it comes to crimes against children law enforcement has to pull out all the stops to stop children from being abducted, sexually assaulted, and murdered. With each new technology device created, law enforcement needs to evaluate if the technology provides methods and techniques which will benefit their community in stopping any and all crimes involving children and pedophiles.

Lawrence W. Daly

www.onedaly.com

206-650-0229

onedaly@onedaly.com

Kent, WA

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Wwe And Steriod Use

Chris Benoit, his wife Nancy, and their 7-year-old son Daniel were found dead in their Fayetteville, Georgia home on June 25, 2007. According to the subsequent investigations, Benoit murdered his wife by strangling her, and then killed his son before hanging himself in the house's weight room.

The post Benoit Tragedy revelations just indicated that the pro wrestler was in steroid use. According to some experts, roid rage might have played part in the Benoit Tragedy. The revealings also put a big question mark on the WWE policy on steroid use.

Gary Davis, the WWE spokesperson stated that WWE was shocked at latest developments in Benoit tragedy.

The statement read, "Toxicology tests have not even been completed so there is no current evidence that Benoit even had steroids or any other substance in his body. In that regard, on the last test done on Benoit by WWE's independently administered drug testing program, done on April 10, 2007, Benoit tested negative."

According to Davis, WWE has strict policy against steroid use. Under the policy against steroid use a Talent Wellness Program was instituted in February 2006.

The WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) policy on steroids disallows any kind of steroid use whether anabolic steroids and HGH in the WWE sports.

The WWE policy against steroid use prohibits the use of performance-enhancing drugs, as well as other prescription drugs which can be abused, if taken for other than a legitimate medical purpose pursuant to a valid prescription from a licensed and treating physician.

For legitimate steroid use for medical purposes, the WWE does not support the prescriptions obtained over the Internet and/or from suppliers of prescription drugs from the Internet.

According to the WWE spokesperson, no WWE wrestlers has been tested positive for steroid use or any of the banned substances since the policy was implemented. If it's true, what were controlled drugs including injectable anabolic steroids doing at Benoit's home.

There had always been reports contrary to the WWE steroid use policy. Eddie Guerrero, who died on Nov. 13, 2005, in a Minneapolis hotel room, was also reported using steroids. Eddie died due to what a medical examiner later ruled as heart disease, complicated by an enlarged heart resulting from a history of anabolic steroid use.

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Analysis of Criminological Theory Relating to Organized Crime, John Gotti and Gang Organizations

English: The Seal of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. For more information, see here. Español: El escudo del Buró Federal de Investigaciones (FBI). Para obtener más información, véase aquí (Inglés). (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

by Elizabeth Hall

Introduction

Criminology is the study of crime, and criminologists have been developing theories for decades about why people commit crimes (Siegel, 2010).  Organized crime is no different, and there are many different theories falling into both Trait Theory and Social StructureTheory categories to explain the actions of others.  According to Abadinsky (2009) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (2007), John Gotti “The Teflon Don” encompassed more media attention by himself than any other organized crime figure in history as he ran his organization in the traditional patron-client network style.  The bureaucratic-corporate style as used by gangs will also be explored as we look at theory related to gang activity and discuss how the Gangster Disciples fit these theories, comparing and contrasting criminological theory of both styles of organized crime organizations.

Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Social Structure Theories

The theories based on social structure maintain that people commit crimes because of the stratification of the wealth and privileges available to the population (Siegel, 2010).  This is particularly true under the capitalism system that the United States utilizes.  Although all of the theories in the sociological school of thought hold that the main reason people commit crimes is because they are poor, each one has different ideas on how this condition of poverty plays into criminal behavior (Siegel, 2010).  In other words, it means that the socioeconomic conditions of society are the reason we have crime.

Gangsters: Organized Crime (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

 We will begin by exploring Strain Theory(Siegel, 2010), and just how that ties in to being poor using reason of self-justification of crime.  Abadinsky (2009) covers the Theory of Anomie that, began with Emile Durkheim, and developed further by Robert Merton suggests that as we feel anomie or strain based on lack of opportunity to achieve social mobility, people turn to criminal activity to attain the goal.  In the United States, Siegel (2008) states that over 37 million people live at or below the poverty level, which translates into the real world terms of dilapidated neighborhoods, poor health care, less desires to achieve means legally, and less opportunity for the people that live in these conditions.  Criminal activity is their way of evening the odds according to this theory and organized crime is just how the immigrant population found the road to prosperity in the past.  Today this is also a problem in non-immigrant communities as well, as the groups achieve upward social mobility paving the way for others to take their places.

Al Capone. Mugshot information from Science and Society Picture Gallery: Al Capone (1899-1947), American gangster, 17 June 1931. 'Al Capone sent to prison. This picture shows the Bertillon photographs of Capone made by the US Dept of Justice. His rogue's gallery number is C 28169'. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Next, we will look at what Differential Association Theory implies.  This theory popularized by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (Siegel, 2008), maintains that people under strain, and in areas of social disorganization will form subcultures.  This in turn promotes gang activity to form.  These subcultures band together, and in order to reduce the strain turn to criminal activity.  The joining inevitably results in a gang mentality, which allows people to adhere to the structure and rules that the gang requires. 

Deviant Subculture Theory, introduced as a reason that youth from lower class neighborhoods commit crime in 1955, by Albert Cohen (Siegel, 2008).  The theory suggests that youth use their subculture as a way to rebel against societal regulations set by the middle class.  What Cohen suggests is that, because they cannot achieve normal standards of success they reach frustration by this status.  Once the frustration level has been reached, they use the subculture formed to rebel against societal norms (Siegel, 2008).

Edwin Sutherland, who maintained that anyone could commit criminal acts regardless of class, social standing, or any other factor according to Abadinsky (2009), introduced Differential Opportunity Theory.  The main idea is that crime is chosen when the benefits outweigh the costs of the punishment.  He holds that this type of behavior is learned from those we associate ourselves with, and that it also comes from conforming to the beliefs, ideals, and regulations set forth by the teacher, or from social engagement with others.  This means that according to this theory, crime is a personal choice for everyone (Siegel, 2010). 

Mugshot of Charles Luciano at 1936,Italian-American mobster (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Social Control Theory is much like differential opportunity theory in the fact that the main tenet also states that criminal activity is profitable and alluring. Abadinsky (2009) states that, the community decides societal norms, and acceptable behaviors for people to follow.  What this theory looks at in criminology is why people would choose not to commit criminal acts.  The answer chosen is that morals play a factor.  Some people do not commit crimes out of a sense of moral decency, and others conform to the conventional morals of society (Siegel, 2008) 

Ethnic Succession Theory is different from the others, as it explains why some groups of people begin in organized crime and then later move into legitimate business ventures.  This theory looks at crime as a means to an end, which, once reached, is no longer needed.  The Jewish involvement in organized crime in America is a great example of this.  Unlike the Italians, the Jewish people value education and religion as the most important goals to pursue.  While they began in organized crime in order to achieve upward social mobility, the people willing to commit crimes for easy money fell away once there were legitimate avenues for success. As one group leaves the life of committing crimes for social mobility, another group moves in, as we can see in modern times with the entrance of Asian, Hispanic, and Black criminal activity more prevalent than the Italians, Jews, and Irish of yesteryear (Abadinsky, 2009). 

Trait Theory

Psychoanalytical Theory is probably the most well known theory, as most have heard of Sigmund Freud.  This theory, which has changed over the years, mainly holds that our unconscious thoughts and feelings at early stages of life denote how we will react to strain and societal pressures according to Abadinsky (2009).   This theory deals with normal and abnormal behavior by explaining that it is our balance of our id, ego, and superego, which represent our states of unconscious thoughts, which keep us within normal or abnormal behavior.  The main thought is that this happens in our formative years and that we do not have control of this. 

English: Mugshot of famous US organized crime figure. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Behavioral Theory forces the development of criminal activity back on individuals and society by maintaining that we learn criminal behavior from our environmental and social interactions.  Operant conditioning is the method that this message is delivered as the theory states that behavior is denoted by the punishment and reward system.  The choice to act criminally or not is based on whether the reward is greater than the punishment.  This theory holds that if we live in a community that rewards criminal behavior with respect instead of rejecting the behavior there is a lack of positive reinforcement for good behavior, and we learn from those around us that we admire to act criminally (Abadinsky, 2009). 

Theory Fitting John Gotti Criminal Development

English: This FBI-document of 1947 recommends that "one Jack Rubenstein of Chicago" should not be called to testify for the Committee on Unamerican Activities, for he is working for Congressman Richard M. Nixon. According to the Warren Commission, Ruby had no connections with Oswald, Organized Crime or the Government. No wonder the header reads "This is sensitive". (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The theory that best explains John Gotti’s involvement in organized crime is Sutherland’s Differential Opportunity Theory.   This is because along with his earlier involvement with gangs and the neighborhood he grew up in.  During the 1940’s Italian communities still banded together in Italian neighborhoods, where the mafia was already present.  The community with the exception of the criminal element was poor, and the opportunities for social advancement not the same as that of other communities, particularly the average white Anglo Saxon community.  The social engagement with others included respect in the community for those in the Mafia, as they often provided for the community where society would not.  The behavior is learned from the early gang association along with accepting the rules that the mafia set forth and Mr. Gotti excelled in this environment.  

Jerome Skolnick and Types of Gangs

Abadinsky (2009), reports that Jerome Skolnick identified two types of gangs in his work on strain theory.  These are cultural and entrepreneurial gangs and operate for two different reasons.  Cultural gangs strongly identify with the neighborhood that they reside in, and may be involved in drug activity for their monetary gain along with other activity.  On the other hand, entrepreneurial gangs operate for the purposes of distributing drugs. Cultural gangs are more identified with the neighborhood, recruiting and maintaining membership based on loyalty to the community.  Entrepreneurial gangs have no real loyalty, and operate solely based on continued revenue for the group (Abadinsky, 2009). 

Gangster Disciples and Criminological Theory

The criminological theory that best fits the growth of the Gangster Disciples would be Robert Merton’s Theory of Anomie.   This theory states that those experiencing strain or anomie because of lack of opportunity to achieve upward social mobility, turn to crime to achieve the goals other obtain with legitimate means.  This is particularly true within the African American community, as even with all of the advances of the Civil Rights era, even today there is not necessarily equality between the races.  Those who grow up in poor inner city neighborhoods often do not see any way out of the neighborhoods without criminal activity because opportunities to education decent education are not available to all ( Siegel, 2010).

Conclusion

Criminologists study all forms of crime, including organized crime, and develop theories as to why someone might either choose to commit a crime or not.  These theories are designed to fit most types of crimes and explain different aspects of organized crime depending on the aspect covered.  As we can see, different theories fit different types of criminals such as the difference between John Gotti with the mafia, and gang activity such as that with the Gangster Disciples.  Criminologists work to provide these theories so that those who make policy can adjust those policies accordingly to changes in the climate of crime.  

  

References

Abadinsky, H. (2009).  Organized crime (9th Ed.).  Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
ISBN: 0-495-59966-2

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (2007).  A Byte Out of History: John Gotti: How We Made the Charges Stick.  Retrieved From: http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2007/april/gotti040207

Siegel, L. J. (2008).  Criminology: The Core.  Third Edition.  Belmont, Ca. Cengage Learning ISBN:  13-978-0-495-09477-7

Siegel, L.J. (2010).  Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies.  Tenth Edition.  Belmont:    

             Wadsworth Cengage Learning.  ISBN: 13-978-0-495-60013-8

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When Your Company Needs a Commercial Insurance Quote

A high number of business owners today have no idea of the role a commercial insurance quote can play in their businesses. Most believe that they are okay without one while others still think it is an expendable expense. In todays business arena, a commercial insurance cover is among the prerequisite tools that any business must invest in as a safety measure.

A commercial insurance quote has of late become necessary to most businessmen and women in estimating how covered they are in respect to all their insurance liability requirements. Conducting business in the contemporary markets necessarily requires that you ensure a good coverage for any negligent act, accident or unexpected event etc that may accrue at the company. Else, if your business is proved liable to any such occurrences (such as negligence) the damages payable will totally bankrupt the company and push you out of operations in a jiffy.

You cannot afford to take your insurance coverage for granted at any one time. If for instance your company has employed a number of people to do hazardous jobs or any type of job for that matter (including delivering a service to customers), then your company need a sound commercial insurance policy. Such a policy must cover all the employees of and property of your company. This ensures that should anything happens to any one of these (property, machinery, employees), you are legible for financial assistance from the insurance cover. The key word here is that you must ensure sound coverage before the accident happens. You must always ensure that you are adequately covered at all times, so that if need be, the insurance coverage will be able to pick the bills when you need it to.

You cannot afford to assume that you are covered when you do not know for sure. And this is where a commercial insurance quote becomes indispensable to your business. The commercial insurance quote helps you to evaluate the underlying risk management component of your business versus the coverage parameters of your insurance. This ensures that should anything happen, you are aware of what is covered and what is not covered by the business' insurance. This avoids a scenario where you realize too late that your insurance did not cover what you had all along thought it did.

Furthermore, commercial general liability policies require that such a quote proclaim a company's protection and coverage against accidents and negligence, especially for companies whose operations include delivering service to customers such as transportation. A moving company for instance requires that its commercial vehicle insurance policy be valid for as many eventualities that may accrue in various jurisdictions you serve and in all manner of operations you may engage in.

It will be a great loss to your company and to you, if your vehicle is involved in an accident when transporting wares to a jurisdiction not covered by your basic insurance policy. In this regard, a commercial insurance quote is like insurance over your insurance coverage, ensuring that you are actually covered for all the coverage needs of your business. It is when you want to be sure of the extents of your business insurance coverage that you need a commercial insurance quote most.

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