Impact of Terrorism in the US Today

by Tina Handrick

Introduction

On September 11, 2001 the United States of America changed forever. This was the day that the U.S. realized how badly a job they were doing on making sure that this country was protected from outside attacks and corruption. There were many lives lost from the terrorist attacks 

September 11 2001 Bell in Saint Paul's Church next to Ground Zero (Photo credit: Whiskeygonebad)

that happened on September 11, 2001 and a huge blow to our country. On this day there were two planes that crashed into the twin towers in New York and another plane crashed into the Pentagon, in Northern Virginia, and a forth plane went down in rural Pennsylvania which was meant for Washington, D.C. thanks to the heroic effort of the passengers on that plane. Thousands of people lost their lives this day, many people lost a loved one, a wife, a husband, mother, father, brother, sister, grandmother, and grandfather over something as senseless as another man’s greed and thought process.

Terrorism Impact

Since September 11, 2001 there has been disagreements on whom and how information should be shared within the network of public and country safety. Police Chiefs, Mayors, and City Managers have criticized the FBI for being too secretive about its counterterrorism investigations 

English: The Seal of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. For more information, see here. Español: El escudo del Buró Federal de Investigaciones (FBI). Para obtener más información, véase aquí (Inglés). (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

(E.J. Delattre, pg. 413, 414). They believe that to make the best use of their manpower and the local knowledge in safeguarding the public the police are in need of the information that the FBI has regarding any terrorist suspects, networks, potential local targets, and any other likely attack that could be in the works. Terrorism prevention doesn’t only depend on mutual candor and cooperation from local, state and federal agencies it could also benefit from creating a first response program that allows a better response from police, firefighters, hazardous materials experts, hospitals and other emergency personnel. If prior knowledge is known throughout these types of organization about potential terrorist threats that are pending then maybe some of what happened on Sept. 11 can be avoided in the future.

On October 26, 2001 President Bush signed into law the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (U.S.A. Patriot Act), this new law enlarges the surveillance and search powers of federal agencies and expands their authority to share among themselves information and intelligence, including previously secret grand jury information. It allows for greater information to be shared with foreign governments. It grants the Department of State and the Immigration and Naturalization Service access to criminal history records and other materials maintained by the National Crime Information Center and expands federal authority to deny admission to any alien “who has been associated with terrorist organization and intends while in the U.S. to engage solely, principally, or incidentally in activities that could endanger the welfare, safety, or security of the U.S.” (Section 411).

Seal of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), USA. — “Servicing Our Citizens” (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Homeland Defense from terrorism requires police to undertake a larger mission to the public and government. Now police have to commit their personnel and budgets to expand to include new antiterrorism assignments, at the cost of other priorities, which means that the people and community that it serves suffers. Because police now have to move their officers around to now include historic sites and other targets of terrorism now it means taking away from areas that still have crime and the possibility of that crime rate going back of because of the changes. Sure these agencies receive money to help with some of the cost but with the rising economy, and the loss of jobs the streets just do not have the amount of police present that it needs to stop other crimes from happening. Most police agencies are already spread thin and when you add more work and fewer officers then you are looking at more criminal activity and corruption.

Social Stigma

Social stigma varies vastly from country to country. Depending on a country's foreign policies, including countries they are possibly at war with, or have immigration issues with another, the social stigma attached to certain ethnicities or creeds can have a great effect on the public. This attitude from the general public, or rather, sections of the public prejudice against other sections can directly influence law enforcement. Islam has perhaps been the biggest source of social stigma in the Western World over the past decade or so.

People argue and discuss with protestors at the fifth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

 While Islam is a peaceful, global religion with over a billion Muslims, the religion's reputation has come under unfair scrutiny because of insane or terrorist individuals. This is largely due to terrorist factions hiding behind the protection of their religion to justify their own misguided intentions that what they believe is what should be. After September 11, there was wide spread animosity towards people of an Asian ethnicity, often regardless of their religion; many Hindus, Sikhs and members of other religions were harassed indiscriminately just because of what or where they might have come from. The American Christian belief is that you can have your own religion without prosecution or ridicule; the same should be applied to any other country as well. Just because they may have a few rotten apples we should not judge all of them and put them in the same basket.

 These events and news stories cannot help but influence an individual's outlook of things. While the law is supposed to judge all members of its society equally and fairly, the people enforcing these laws are individuals in their own right. They may have professional codes of ethics to abide by, but in some situations, an officer of the law's own perceptions of threats can weigh in, sometimes for the better, and sometimes unfairly. It’s very important that when doing a job an officer is not looking at the color of a person skin but on how that person may be behaving and their mannerisms.

Ethical

Police abuse of force and police corruption usually follows accord with each other. If 

September 11, 2001 (Photo credit: wallyg)

an officer goes out and deals drugs or steals evidence to sell out on the street, is just as bad as having an suspect in custody and using force to obtain a confession or information that can be used against them or others in a court of law. It is everyone’s right to be treated fairly and without due harm. If someone is treated when in custody then anything that they have said could be thrown out of court due to the way the information was obtained and if their lawyer plays the right cards. Police officers need to use their training when dealing with potential suspect, or corruptive thoughts. You should follow the policies and procedures that your agency has so that you don’t have to worry about crossing any lines. If there are any other personnel that you know that are committing such crimes, ethically and morally you should report them to your supervisor as soon as possible with any proof that you might have attained. Some of the examples of this would be

·         Excessive use of deadly force

·         Excessive use of physical force

·         Discriminatory patterns of arrest

·         Patterns of harassment of such "undesirables" as the homeless, youth, minorities and gays, including aggressive and discriminatory use of the "stop-and-frisk" and overly harsh enforcement of petty offenses.

·         Chronic verbal abuse of citizen, including racist, sexist and homophobic slurs

·         Discriminatory non-enforcement of the law, such as the failure to respond quickly to calls in low-income areas, and half-hearted investigations of domestic violence, rape or hate crimes.

·         Spying on political activists.

·         Employment discrimination -- in hiring, promotion and assignments, and internal harassment of minority, women and gay or lesbian police personnel.

·         The "code of silence" and retaliation against officers who report abuse and/or support reforms.

·         Overreaction to "gang" problems, which is driven by the assumption that most or all associational activity, is gang-related. This includes illegal mass stops and arrests, and demanding photo IDs from young men based on their race and dress instead of their criminal conduct.

·         The "war on drugs," complete with overboard searches and other tactics that endanger innocent bystanders. This "war" wastes scarce resources on unproductive "buy and bust" operations to the neglect of more promising community-based approaches.

·         Lack of accountability, such as the failure to discipline or prosecute abusive officers, and the failure to deter abuse by denying promotions and/or particular assignments because of prior abusive behavior.

·         Crowd control tactics that infringe on free expression rights and lead to unnecessary use of physical force (N.A., 2004)

If for any reason anyone in an agency behaves in this manner then it would be a good idea to turn them into I.A. (Internal Affairs) and make it clear that you are not a part of the situation. Having strong ethics is a must when you are serving the public, you are constantly being judged from those that you are protecting and if for any reason the community is to doubt your judgment it could make it hard for them to trust you.

Training

When a new officer goes through training he/she goes through classes that can make it easier for them to deal with the public and the criminal elements. Hopefully this new recruit already has good ethics instilled into them because at this late date it is hard to change a person outlook in life

English: FBI Mobile Command Center in Washington DC. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Some of the jobs that an officer has to undertake are:

·         Patrolling their districts, responding to calls for service, conducting preliminary investigations, investigating traffic related incidents, writing reports, pursuing and detaining suspects, and making arrests

·         Enforcing traffic and parking laws

·         Participating in Community Policing activities

·         Working with other police department units as well as other local, state, and federal entities

·         Preparing for and attending court appearances

·         Participating in mandatory and elective training

·         Keeping proficient with firearms

Learning how to use critical thinking skills is a plus when you are faced with a situation that doesn’t allow you to make a mistake. Training should be done every year as a refresher course so that you have the tools that you need in case there are in changes to policy or regulations.

Conclusion

Since September 11, 2001 the way that people look at each other in America is different. They are either against everything that the bombing has changed or they have united against it but one of the things that is more upsetting is that a lot of American’s are forgetting, and when that happens that allows for it to happen again.  All law enforcement agencies should help each other when it comes to terrorist threats and not withhold critical information when it is needed. The security 

US Navy 060911-N-9578C-002 Sailors from USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) read names of New York Fire and Police Department members who lost their lives during the terrorist attacks (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

in America should be on top of the list to make sure that what happened on September 11 never happens again. By stopping some of the immigration into our country for a while can help keep some of these people out that can cause such destruction. The U.S. has enough inner turmoil that having outside terror as a constant threat just seems to be another layer of pressure on the law enforcement agencies.

References:

Ethics in Policing Character and Cops By: Edwin J. Delattre 2011

Plano Police Department; Assignments: http://www.plano.gov/Departments/Police/Employment/Pages/assignments.aspx

Preventing Police Abuse: PoliceCrimes.com http://www.policecrimes.com/police_abuse.html

Social Control and the Policing of Terrorism: Foundations for Sociology of Counter-Terrorism; http://www.cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/zpolterror.html

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The Role and Creation of the Department of Homeland Security

by Elizabeth Hall

Introduction

English: Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) arose from the ashes of the sites that received the terrible blow that foreign national terrorist group Al Qaeda dealt the United States on September 11, 2001.  Americans awoke that morning, went to work as usual, but before the day or even morning was out we had lost over 3000 lives, including fire fighters, police officers, and the normal citizen working in the cities that were attacked.  In the aftermath, the United States government went to work t

o establish the Department of Homeland Security.  This new department is responsible for protecting the nation from attack, both abroad and at home, and we will discover the roles, missions, duties, responsibilities, formation, enabling legislation, and other newly created agencies that make up this department and the United States entered the Homeland Security era of policing (Oliver, 2007). 

Role and Mission

Terrorist acts have been around for centuries, according to Oliver (2007), as the roots of terrorism began as far back as 1795, beginning with the French Reign of Terror, and were traditionally acts that people or groups committed against their government or ruling class.  What made the September 11, 2001 attacks stand out is that they were the most brutal attacks ever committed against the United States on our homeland, and that, a foreign terrorist group made them successfully.  Because of this action, the DHS was formed out of 22 formerly separate agencies in 2002 (DHS, 2002).  Their role is to bridge the gap between agencies to bolster communications, response training, and as mentioned before to protect the nation from attack both at home and abroad.   The mission of the DHS is actually made up of five directives.  These are, preventing terrorism and enhancing the security of our nation, border security, enforcing immigration rules and regulations, secure cyberspace, and to ensure proper response to major attacks and natural disasters (DHS, n.d.). 

WASHINGTON, DC - JUNE 09: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Administrator Craig Fugate testifies before the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee on Capitol Hill June 9, 2011 in Washington, DC. Fugate testified about the reauthorization of the National Flood Insurance Program. (Image credit: Getty Images via @daylife)

Duties and Responsibilities

The DHS is the umbrella that all departments including law enforcement, fall under in the name of protecting our national interests both at home and abroad as reported by Oliver (2007).  Because of the many duties, the DHS there are roles that each department must handle to ensure the smooth handling of emergencies due to natural disaster or attack.  We will cover these duties and responsibilities per agency describing what each handles.   According to Peak, (2009) the breakdown of duties and responsibilities looks like this:

Directorate for Preparedness- This office is responsible for protecting and guarding our “borders, seaports, bridges, and highways, along with “critical information systems”

Science and Technology Directorate– The department responsible for all research and technology development providing all levels, federal, state and local, with the technology needed to safeguard the country.

Management Directorate- This office is responsible for “budget and appropriations, expenditure of funds, accounting and finance, procurement, human resources, information technology systems, facilities and equipment, and identification and tracking of performance measurements”.

Office of Policy Directorate- This department is responsible for providing our long term planning strategies and policies to protect our nation from attack.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - The agency responsible for disaster response and recovery, National Flood Insurance Program, along with hazard preparedness and response.

Customs and Border Protection- Agency responsible for protecting our borders, which include 95,000 miles of shore and 7000 miles of shared border along Canada and Mexico.  They also protect legitimate trades and business keeping the flow of imports and exports into the country particularly charged with keeping business running smoothly while keeping terrorists and their activity out of our country.

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) – The investigative force for the DHS, charged with finding and stopping our weak points in all areas including “borders, economic, transportation and infrastructure” for the nation.  ICE works with both local law enforcement and intelligence agencies to shut down any vulnerability through four branches, Investigations, Detention and Removal, Protective Service, and Intelligence.

Office of Intelligence and Analysis – Agency is responsible for analyzing gathered 

intelligence from a multitude of sources that assesses the current and upcoming credible threats to the country.

Office of Operations Coordination – Operations between all 50 states and 50 metropolitan areas in the country including all DHS offices, law enforcement, governors, and operators of critical infrastructure facilities in the United States are coordinated on a daily basis through this department.

Domestic Nuclear Detection Office- Agency charged with the improvement of early detection of nuclear threats through all levels, local, state, federal, and tribal.

Transportation Security Administration (TSA) – This agency is designed to protect our transportation systems including airports, rail cars, subways, collaborating with law enforcement, and Federal Air Marshals, including canines and explosives experts, along with armed officers.  

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center - Agency that serves as a training organization for law enforcement at all levels of government, ensuring that they are trained with the latest safety and protection information available. 

Citizenship and Immigration Services – Agency concerned with immigration policy and naturalization procedure for the nation.

Coast Guard - Agency providing protection for our ports and waterways in all areas needed to protect the nation both at home and in international waters. 

Secret Service – Presidential and Ranking Officials agency ensuring the safety of our leadership, the Secret Service also investigates financial crimes like counterfeiting, computer based crimes, and computer based attacks on our country.

It is under this large umbrella that our entire nation operates to secure our citizens from attacks from persons or groups who wish to harm our country both domestically and internationally (Peak, 2009).

Formation

Oliver (2007) holds that the Department of Homeland Security may have been created in 2002, but the notion of national security against terrorism has been around since the Founding Fathers, based on the Constitution of the United States, Article 4 Section 4.  The difference is that the Federal Government took a backseat on the issue unless the State’s own resources for defense were completely overpowered.  Federal authority came in the three forms, when incidences occurred, threatening our national unity, national security when involving foreign nations, and violations of federal laws passed by Congress.   Since the 9/11 attacks, we have passed legislation enabling the Federal Government to intervene in the interest of national security on many more levels (Oliver, 2007).

Enabling Legislation

President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1, 2003. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Ever since the 1803 disaster where there was a large fire in Portsmouth NH, Congress has had the ability to write legislation allowing for further intervention by the Federal Government (Oliver, 2007).  Most of this legislation involves natural disasters or fabricated disasters like the 1871 fire in Chicago or domestic disturbances like the Whiskey Rebellion.  As far as security for the homeland, there was no real need until after WWI, however this was not really ever considered a real threat until now, as it was largely believed that no one could reach us.    The one thing that was put into legislation is the U.S. Army Appropriations Act which then in turn spawned the Council of National Defense both which were gone by 1921 Oliver, 2007).. 

These laws were followed in the 1930’s with the creation of the National Security Council according to Oliver (2007).  Just before entry in WWII, the National Security Council was renamed the Office of Emergency Management, and the Office of Civil Defense was created.  In 1947, the National Security Resources Board was created, along with the Office of Civil Defense Planning, and Executive Order 10186.  From this the Federal Civil Defense Administration was created to be a non federal agency charged with coordination of the country’s defense which was important now because the Soviet Union had tested nuclear weapons by this time. 

Federal Emergency Management Agency (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The 1960’s and 1970’s, brought many different agencies and titles, but the only one left that made it to the current decade is FEMA.  FEMA stands for Federal Emergency Management Agency, and is still in existence today, falling under the Department of Homeland Security (Oliver, 2007).  The Department of Homeland Security was created in 2003 after the Patriot Act of 2001, and the Homeland Security Act of 2002, because of the 9/11 attacks and the realization that FEMA needed to be expanded in order to effectively protect the homeland.  Oliver (2007) notes that FEMA is now governed under the DHS instead of over it even though it has been around since the late 1970’s. 

  

References:

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), (2002).  History.  Retreived From: http://www.dhs.gov/history

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), (n.d.).  Our Mission: Overview.  Retreived From: http://www.dhs.gov/our-mission

Oliver, W.M., (2007).  Homeland Security for Policing.  Pearson Education.  Prentice Hall.

Peak, K.J., (2009).  Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices.  Upper Saddle River NJ.  Pearson Education Inc.  ISBN: 0-13-159803-1

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Today’s Investigative Special Report - September 24, 2012 “Dealing With Today’s Law Enforcement Specialized Investigations” “Will Law Enforcement’s Role Change Due To The Middle East Protests And Violence”

WASHINGTON, DC - JUNE 19: A young fan of the United States holds an American flag while cheering on the team in second half against Jamaica during the 2011 Gold Cup Quarterfinals on June 19, 2011 at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The United States won 2-0. (Image credit: Getty Images via @daylife)

By Lawrence W. Daly

Forensic Expert Senior Author

Ambassador Chris Stevens probably woke up on September 11, 2012, thinking about the many lives which were lost during the September 11, 2001, terrorists attack. Most Americans who were alive on September 11, 2001 knew that it was the anniversary of a tragedy many Americans will never forget or forgive.

Intelligence obtained from the Israel and Libya intelligence community allegedly warned President Obama’s administration that security should be tightened or increased at all United States embassies and strongholds in the Middle East. Rumors were circulating that there may be an attack.

Unfortunately, the Libya Embassy’s security was not provided extra security and the end result was Ambassador Stevens and three other Americans, Glen Doherty, Sean Smith, and Tyrone Woods, were dead. Under 22 USC 4865 – Security requirement for United States diplomatic facilities falls squarely on the shoulders of Hillary Clinton, Secretary of State.

Since this day, the rioting and protesting has continued and the theme, which is now in its fourteenth day, is “Death to America”.  With the ever increasing security concerns worldwide and the goal to reduce the military by the current Obama’s administration, will the current law enforcement system here in America still work effectively? What if today a terrorists attack was to occur here in the United States could the government guarantee its citizens that law enforcement officers are trained and equipped to deal with this type of situation?

Currently, law enforcement deals with domestic issues and sometimes has to deal with specific groups who protest for a specific cause. Law enforcement officers are trained to deal with mobs and protestors and have demonstrated over the past four decades that they are capable of handling anything which is placed in front of them.

The violence levels of mobs and protestors has never reached a level where law enforcement has had to utilize on a daily basis an increase in the level of response i.e. using firearms to injure and kill and control them. However, if terrorists attacked their community would law enforcement know what level of force to use and have they been trained to use lethal weapons which generally are not a part of the current law enforcement uniform and accessories?

According to authors Ronald V. Clarke and Graeme R. Newman (2007) of the Oxford Journals, law enforcement has the opportunity to play a major role in preventing terrorism, due to the local intelligence capabilities law enforcement has in their communities. Further, the argument that the national security agencies can work alone is now defunct and both these agencies and local law enforcement must work together to stop terrorism from happening here in the United States.

With the ever continuing violence in the Middle East, the question city, county, state, and federal government need to consider is, “What will be the role of law enforcement if and when terrorists make the decision to violently act out inside the United States?”

The Homeland Security National Terrorism Advisory System indicates that there is no current alert at this time. Really! This alert system which is used to identify the security of the nation may trigger a response by the government specifically does not have what the role of the law enforcement officer will be if terrorists begin invading the United States soil. There are mutual aid agreements between law enforcement agencies across the United States.

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks law enforcement officers in major cities were seen walking the streets carrying semi-automatic rifles and wearing army fatigues type equipment. Multiple agencies expended time sharing the responsibility at the national airports as the airport police couldn’t handle the increase in security.

So what will the new law enforcement officer’s role be and who will take care of the domestic services they provide? Have governments across the United States taken the time to strategize with the federal government to identify what everyone’s role will be?

Terrorist’s experts George Kelling and William J. Bratton(2006) state that terrorism must be dealt with like any other crime law enforcement currently deal with. They argue that “Counter-terrorism has to be woven into the everyday workings of every department.”

Being prepared and having a plan for how to deal with terrorists and domestic services should be dealt with if it has not been. Many experts are asking these questions and like what happened eleven days ago, planning and preparing law enforcement officials is a must.

In a society where people live by the Constitution citizens have the opportunity to walk the streets without fear that someone will grab them and drag them down the street with mad men, women, and children chasing after the injured or killed individual.

To revert to the caveman’s status of dealing with a concern or a dislike does not give anyone the right to injure or kill someone. However, what if it happens here in the United States is law enforcement and the governments prepared to protect the citizens as they do when handling domestic violence?

The thought of losing your freedom to speak, practice your religion, provide for yourself or your family should not be threatened by individuals or groups who believe the citizens of the United States have harmed them in some manner.

The role of law enforcement will change forever if terrorists attack the citizens of the United States in their homes. Many would argue that the National Guard could be called out to take care of any situation law enforcement may not be able to handle. In May of 2011, President Obama sent 1200 National Guard troops to the border, but by December of 2011, he was already planning to trim the number of troops currently guarding 1,969 miles of the border. The concern and the reason for the reduction apparently came down to financial costs to keep the National Guard there. Illegal aliens crossing into the United States has never been more concerning then it is today. Currently there are 18,200 U.S. Border Patrol Agents along the Southwestern border.

Radical individuals and groups could cross the unprotected borders and come into a city and cause mass destruction upon a peaceful country. Although to date the only individuals and organizations which have crossed the borders are gang affiliated, it isn’t until something happens here in the United States, that there is an evaluation of why something occurred.

Have you ever taken the time to stop by your local law enforcement agency and ask them the ‘what if’ questions? Would you be considered different or psychological unhealthy if you were to ask a law enforcement officer on the street, “What would you do if we were invaded by terrorists?”

On September 11, 2001, and 2012 unexpected events in history occurred that the United States was not prepared for. If these ‘unexpected’ events were to occur again, could citizens turn to their law enforcement officials for assistance?

            The future of law enforcement and what their responsibilities will be has been discussed thoroughly through educational think tanks. The conclusion of these think tanks is the responsibilities of law enforcement will be dictated by what society will look like and the demands of the diversified cultures will be. Law enforcement will have to adjust, become educated in crimes which are unimaginable at this time due to the technology which has been and will be developed by 2020. Terrorism is a crime which law enforcement has been preparing for since September 11, 2001.

The question which seems most logical is, “Are law enforcement officer’s trained to deal with the unexpected?” “Can they deal with a war in their community?” So many questions and where would a citizen go to ascertain the answers?

The questions could go on and on, but to date this subject is rarely spoken about. Watching factions of mad men, women, and children burning American flags, screaming obscenities towards Americans, killing their own to prove their point, should provide the local, county, state, and federal governments with the question, “What if?”

Lawrence W. Daly

www.onedaly.com

206-650-0229

onedaly@onedaly.com

Kent, WA

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