Organized Crime Investigation and Outcome

by Tina Handrick

English: Surveillance photo of Mafia leaders John Gotti, Sammy Gravano, Victor Amuso and Anthony Casso. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Introduction

When investigating criminal behaviors and crimes against the fellow man, you have to look in the past to see exactly where some of these behaviors originated from and who the players of the game are. The Italian Mafia emigrated from Italy back in the 1800’s and they have infiltrated the United States and have brought terror to the lives of Americans. There are several different Mafia families here in the United States at the present time, several of them are living in our federal prisons for the crimes that they have committed, and the Mafia’s has committed some of the most notorious crimes. A few examples of these are murder, assassinations, money laundering, racketeering, gambling, prostitution, armed robbery, and drug trafficking.

December 11: John Gotti arrested (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The Federal Government felt that they needed to get a handle on the organized crime families (Italian Mafia) and finally started in depth investigations into trying to catch these murderers and put them behind bars. John Gotti was one of these men. John Gotti was born in New York in the 1940’s to a low-earning construction worker and his wife, and he was the fifth child out of thirteen. When he was in fourth grade his family moved away from the South Bronx, and settled into the Sheepshead Bay area, in Brooklyn. This is where John started his criminal life, and started to leave a destructive path for the police to follow.

According to police records John joined up with the Fulton-Rockaway Boys early in his young life and by the time he was sixteen he dropped out of school and became a fulltime Fulton-Rockaway Street gang member, from there he went from one crime to another. Some of these crimes were gang fighting, burglary, disorderly conduct, and unlawfully assembly in gambling joints, these crimes did not get any kind of serious consequences, basically a slap on the wrist and a $200 dollar fine and a 60 day suspended sentence. John continued this type of criminal behavior and ended up spending time in the prison systems but each time he was released he would go right back to the Mafia family that he belonged to.

Paul Castellano (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

When John continued this type of criminal activity he became a spotlight for investigators to start looking into the man he was and the crimes he was responsible for. The first step was for the federal government to begin their planning stages. They would look at all of the crimes that John Gotti has been involved in, and who he was working with on a daily basis. They would set into motion to collect intelligence from telephone surveillance, setting up who would be the best person to get information out of that was close to John and see if that person could get an undercover agent close to the family. This way when something was going to happen they would hopefully get a tip before it happened.

They would collect data and establish facts about how and when certain crimes would happen and who the person was who was ordering the hits, or jobs. It is important to list all of the code of conducts that may have been broken, to make sure that the investigation stays on track. Staying focused and not becoming personal involved is important otherwise the case could become very dangerous with this type of investigation. Try staying by the book so there isn’t any invisible line you might cross. You need to make sure that your allegations are true and factual.

English: An FBI surveillance photo of suspected mobsters Thomas (Tommy Sneakers) Cacciopoli, John (Junior) Gotti and John Cavallo. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

When you are collecting data against the subject (John Gotti) you need to make sure that the information you collect is relevant information and that it stays on track with your investigation. Don’t put any information that could confuse an attorney or a jury, or any member that is on your team. Staying on task and putting all of the information in order by dates and time is important. Never discredit any information until it has been thoroughly investigated first.

Once the FBI collects all relevant evidence they would then start evaluating all of the information to make sure that the information is factual and that all dates, times, and places were backed up by the evidence that they have. Collecting evidence is tricky and the FBI needs to make sure that all information follows the line of the investigation. Pulling suspects in for questioning and making sure that you either tape or use video recordings to keep all the facts straight is a plus, making sure that you have the proper information on the suspects helps to try and get them to turn states evidence against the top “Boss” to gain a good foothold into the case. With the way that John Gotti lived his life there was plenty of evidence to collect. He left a long line of criminal activity for the investigators to follow.

English: Mugshot of Carlo Gambino (August 24, 1902 - October 15, 1976) at 1930's, a mafioso who became boss of the Gambino crime family, that still bears his name today. Italiano: Foto segnaletica di Carlo Gambino (Palermo, 24 agosto 1902 – Long Island, 15 ottobre 1976), un criminale italiano, appartenente alla mafia italo-americana. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

After years of doing small time crimes, and going in and out of the prison system John decided that at age 26, that he was going to become a professional hijacker (Gene Mustain and Jerry Capeci, 2002). He made his headquarters at the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, and with the tutelage of Carmine and Daniel Fatico, two adult-gang members of the Rockaway Boys and that were connected to the Gambino crime family. So in 1969, John the father of four was again put in prison at the Lewisburg federal penitentiary to serve a four year sentence for the theft of cargo at the JFK international airport.

Once he was released from his confinement, John again went right back into organized crime, this time becoming the acting captain of the Bergin crew, when his mentor Carmine Fatico was indicted for loan sharking, even though he was not yet formally inducted into the Cosa Nostra  (Gene Mustain and Jerry Capeci, 2002).  The FBI was collecting all of this past information to make a case against the now head of the Cosa Nostra John Gotti. From the years of 1973 to 1980 John had been involved with murdering a man named James McBratney, and served time in prison for that, and then he became eligible for the Cosa Nostra membership. Then after the death of Carlo Gambino and the “books were opened,” once released from prison for murder John Gotti was a “made” into the Mafia. Gotti left a trail behind him when he would participate in illegal activities but it wasn’t enough to get him real time. He lost control of himself for a while by letting his gambling get out of control and was losing more than he was getting.

In 1980 John had a personal loss of his youngest son, Frank. Frank was killed in an accident by one of John’s neighbors in a traffic accident. The neighbor, John Favara disappeared without a trace soon after that, because John, who at first was not going to take revenge for the loss of his son changed his mind when he found out that John Favara was speeding and had jumped a stop sign before hitting and killing his son. The FBI had informants close to Gotti to get information about what Gotti was up to. All of this information was being collected against Gotti and it was going to use to put him away for a very long time. RICO (Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act) which was established in 1970 helped law officials to be able to start getting Organized Criminals off the street namely Mafia members.

English: Mugshot of famous US organized crime figure. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

In early 1982 the FBI launched an investigation into drug trafficking that involved as key player’s the brother of John Gotti Gene Gotti and close friend since the Rockaway Boys days, Angelo Ruggiero. The FBI planted bugs in Ruggiero's house in which produced a wealth of evidence. Even though John Gotti was not directly implicated on tape and consequently, and even his brother Gene Gotti was not implicated, Angelo Ruggiero and others were linked to the Bergin crew, John was on the spot as far as Paul Castellano, the new boss of the Gambino family, was concerned. He felt that Gotti was either involved and thus had violated the Cosa Nostra ban on drug trafficking, or he had failed to control his crew. The conflict between Castellano and Gotti's faction, under the leadership of Neil Dellacroce, escalated when Castellano unsuccessfully tried to put pressure on Ruggiero to turn over the incriminating surveillance transcripts he needed to prepare his own defense in the upcoming Commission trial, a RICO case directed against the entire leadership of New York's five Cosa Nostra families. Paul Castellano and his newly appointed underboss Thomas Bilotti were murdered on 16 December 1985. The double murder was orchestrated by John Gotti and Sammy Gravano who soon afterwards would become the “boss” and consigliore, respectively, of the Gambino family.

Mafia boss Giovanni "John" Gambino (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

With everything else that was going on John Gotti still had legal problems of his own and in 1984 a grand jury returned an indictment against Gotti on felony assault and theft charges, and this was a few days after Gotti had a run-in with a repairman over a double-parked car. In March of 1985 he was indicted on RICO charges which included offenses of two hijackings and the McBratney murder. The prosecution, who lead by young Diane Giacalone, relied heavily on testimony from informants and Gotti’s own fellow Mafia members, who the defense under the leadership of Bruce Cutler vigorously tried to discredit. While the government's case was assessed to be weak from the beginning, it was doomed when one of the jurors reached out to Gotti and promised to prevent a conviction. In March of 1987, a year after the trial began, the jury found Gotti 'not guilty' on all counts. .

The legal victories earned Gotti the nickname "Teflon Don" and boosted his celebrity status. As boss of the Gambino family, Gotti moved his headquarters to the Ravenite social club in lower Manhattan, making himself a target for extensive law enforcement surveillance. By 1989, at least nine men were meeting secretly with agents about Gotti and bugs were planted inside the Ravenite, in the adjacent hallway and in an upstairs apartment where Gotti held private conferences with his closest underlings. On the tapes that the FBI received they had Gotti admitting to approving to murders and discussing the hierarchy of the Gambino family. It was said that when Gotti was not afraid of anything, you could tell by the look in his eyes. That when he was up against any obstacle that he would hold his head high and walk like a man that was confident. In the end John Gotti was indicted again and with all of the overwhelming evidence that was collected was finally convicted on June 23, 1992, the judge gave Gotti multiple life sentences and was sent to a federal penitentiary in Marrion, Illinois. Gotti was in prison when he died of throat cancer in June of 2002.

FBI surveillance photograph of Joseph Massino, Salvatore Vitale and Frank Lino. The three men are headed to the wake of former Gambino crime family underboss Frank DeCicco, in April 1986. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The steps that were taken to prove the case were:

·         „ planning

·         „ establishing facts

·         „ evaluating

·         „ reporting

Making sure that you use all information available and making sure that it is true and factual information helps, making sure that you use all available sources and getting eye witness reports are essential. Video recording or tape recording all persons being questioned helps to make sure that all the information is there and that no information was overlooked or discarded. Making sure all documents are properly filled out and that there was nothing lost or missing. Most important is to document, document, and document. Nothing is ever unimportant when you are trying to convict a murderer, thief, racketeer, drug dealer, and all around bad guy.

                                                     References:

1. How to conduct an investigation, July 200- The Standards Board for England- http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/aio/1261073

2.  Federal-Local Law Enforcement Collaboration in Investigating and Prosecuting Urban Crime, 1982–1999: Drugs, Weapons, and Gangs http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/201782.pdf

3. The FBI- Organized Crime-Italian Organized Crime- http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/italian_mafia

4. Mob Star: The Story of John Gotti: Written By Gene Mustain and Jerry Capeci Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002, pg. 378; http://www.organized-crime.de/revmus03johngotti.htm

5. RICOACT.COM LLC: http://www.ricoact.com/

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Comparing and Contrasting Organized Crime: China, Russia, Japan, Mexico, and the United States

by Elizabeth Hall

Introduction

Frank Costello, American mobster, testifying before the Kefauver Committee investigating organized crime (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2012), reports that organized crime is a problem on a global scale that has many adverse effects on society, including risking peace and prosperity, human safety, and the “economic, social, cultural, political, and civil development” of the countries that have large organized crime groups operating within.  It has permeated society through intimidation, entrance into governmental positions, and bribery, to traffic in persons, firearms, and narcotics, along with the facilitation of money laundering and extreme violence.  This form of crime has grown exponentially with the ease that technology affords us to conduct transactions on a global scale.   Through corruption, extortion, and bribery this undermines legal systems on a global scale and delivers extreme power to organized crime bosses in many countries (Obama, 2011).  In this essay, we will compare and contrast the difference and similarities in the organizations that infiltrate China, Russia, Japan, Mexico, and the United States to determine global effects (UNODC, 2012).

Human trafficking. Main origin (red) and destination countries (blue). Data from United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 2006 report (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/traffickinginpersons_report_2006-04.pdf) (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

China

Organized crime in China has cultural ties in the fact that in China allegiance to family and friends is the most important quality in society and must be adhered to (Abadinsky, 2009).  The Chinese society itself is hierarchal as is the structure of organized crime, which operates in the patron client style organization. The Triads comprised of secret societal Chinese clans is the name of the groups of organized criminals represented by the triangle, and the Chinese three pronged concepts of heaven, earth, and man.  They participated in armed robberies, kidnapping, and piracy in the earlier going.  In modern years, the Triads and Tongs have added extortion, human trafficking, and drug trafficking along with other criminal enterprises, such as gambling and prostitution, to their repertoire.  In the United States, the Triad offshoot, is known as the Tongs and are heavily involved in gambling and prostitution.  The tongs are linked to smaller Asian gangs as well (Abadinsky, 2009). 

Russia

English: Structure about Organized Crime Central Area from Police of the Generalitat - Mossos d'Esquadra. Català: Organigrama de l'Àrea Central de Crim Organitzat de la Policia de la Generalitat - Mossos d'Esquadra. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

One of the most notable things to remember about Russian organized crime is that geographically it is Russian because of the history of countries overtaken and the sheer mass of the continent, but many nationalities, and ethnic groups comprise the term Russian organized crime (Abadinsky, 2009).  These nationalities include Chechen, Georgian, Jewish, and Ukrainian to name a few. The communist practices undermined the work ethic in the country, making organized crime more palatable to the common people and for many are necessary for survival.  The structure is that of a bureaucratic corporate model more than a patron client model although it is a looser system based on clans and the Vory.  When the Soviet Union stopped providing funding for professional sports the athletes turned to organized crime as well. Operation in the United States by Russian organized crime is a much looser framework with no loyalty among members, and they are very prone to turning on each other if caught to avoid the heavy sentences under the RICO Act (Abadinsky, 2009)

Organised crime - cash flow (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

When the Soviet Union disbanded so did the formal law enforcement structure once utilized in the country leaving wide gaps in the system, and organized crime groups took full advantage merging their way into government and military, often having law enforcement on the payroll reports Abadinsky (2009).  Because the system is based on relationship and status along with governmental participation to some aspect, crimes are not necessarily punishable depending on the players involved.  This is in part due to the extreme violence that follows someone challenging authority of the group. There is some likeness to the Latin drug cartels in operational standards. Russian organized crime groups traffic in narcotics, human trafficking, money laundering, and infiltrate legitimate business ventures to operate.  There are three tiers to the structure, the Gruppirovki, who are bands of professional criminals operating as cells, the Prestupnaia, who are the middle level criminals comprised of the controller level, and finally, the central command center comprised of the Soobschestvo (Abadinsky, 2009).

List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles, California (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Japan

Organized crime in Japan goes back to the at least 300years beginning with the boryokudan groups, Yamagichi-Gumi, Kazou Taoka, and other groups states Abadinsky(2009).  The first criminals operating under these groups were displaced samurai needing a new mode of survival after Japan converted government to a centralized model.  Yamagichi-Gumi and others called the samurai yakuza, which translates into good for nothing, and each organized crime group have their own yakuza soldiers to carry out their deeds.  They are heavily tattooed and if they have committed any acts the yakuza deem wrong lose a part of their pinky finger.  Because of the control extended in declining to kill innocents, or even law enforcement members, the yakuza can conduct their business out in the open, even having headquarters with specific signage displayed.

 Initiation and promotion in the groups involves money given to the cause and an elaborate sake ritual instead of familial ties (Abadinsky, 2009).  Most of the soldiers come from backgrounds of poverty and are not well educated.  A lower ranking member of the yakuza may have to take the place of a boss who is charged with a crime, and serve the sentence given regardless of whether it means prison time or not.  This is a bureaucratic system, which operates for monetary gain and power.  This system is complete, with scouts who search local hangouts in order to recruit members to the group, which begin on the lower rungs of the ladder (Abadinsky, 2009).  

Mexico

English: Organized crime brochure (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

According to Abadinsky (2009), Mexican culture and government functions like the Italians with patron-client relationships based on deep-seated immediate and extended familial ties.  This cultural effect along with accepted practices of governmental corruption affords organized criminal groups great power over the country, which is populated by approximately 100 million people, most living in extreme poverty. Obama (2011) notes that Mexican organized crime groups are growing exponentially expanding their operations to include smuggling of narcotics, persons, and weapons into the United States, and creating a large threat and extreme violence in our border towns.  Other criminal operations include extortion, kidnapping for ransom, and increased cooperation with terrorist groups, including those in the Middle East (Obama, 2011). 

The Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (MDTO), known as cartels are extremely violent, family run operations controlling most of the country through offering employment and necessities to the poor population (Abadinsky,2009).  Law enforcement are poorly paid and offered the chance to line their pockets by doing the cartel’s work. Because of the location, these organizations have formed ties with other South and Central American organized crime groups to facilitate narco-trafficking into the United States and other countries, particularly the Columbians who are responsible for most of the cocaine trafficking with some originating in Peru as well (Abadinsky, 2009). 

Differences in Organized Crime

English: Taggings of M-18 (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Differences in organized crime include structural differences, governmental influences, and cultural differences (Obama, 2011).  For example, in the United States organized crime has never been government sanctioned however, in Russia the government plays an integral part of the organizations.  Structural difference is also a huge factor as the Chinese and Mexicans use a patron client system much like the original organized crime groups in the United States, whereby Russia and Japan operate under the bureaucratic corporate style operation.  The style of organization denotes the rules and practices of the operation along with the cultural aspect, which also ties into differences.  China, the United States, and Mexico cultures denote family and friends as important ties to the organization, where the Japanese and Russians have less loyalty to these values and money is the most important factor in consideration (Obama, 2011).

Similarities in Organized Crime

In all areas of organized crime, there are also similarities, for example, they all operate to gain financial benefit and power even if the basis for doing so is different (UNDOC, 2012).  They all seem to traffic in narcotics, launder money, and gain influence over government officials through bribery and extortion. Another similarity is that they are rapidly gaining influence and power as the tools of crime are advanced by technology.  All of these groups have leaders, mid-level managers, and grunts or foot soldiers, and have methods for promotion within (UNDOC, 2012).

Conclusion

Norteños (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Through corruption, extortion, and bribery organized crime undermines legal systems on a global scale and delivers extreme power to organized crime bosses in many countries (Obama, 2011).  UNDOC (2012) reports that the growing global effect of organized crime undermines governments and stability most in countries where money laundering and exploitation of humans by trafficking, sex trade, and labor runs rampant such as in Russia. Other countries populous rely on narcotics to survive because of lack of available gainful employment like the countries of Central and South America whose populous is so poor without these “jobs” would starve.  In the last two decades, transnational crime has become so strong that often three or more countries maybe involved in a single transaction such as with human trafficking where the victim may come from Russia, transported through Mexico, and, sold into sex trafficking slavery in the United States, due to the increase in technological tools such as the internet.  In short, UNDOC (2012) notes that transnational organized crime has grown into such large proportions that it can no longer be combated in individual countries, crosses all cultural, social ,and language barriers along with any geographical borders, and consequently must be fought on multinational fronts. 

References:

Abadinsky, H. (2009).  Organized crime (9th Ed.).  Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
ISBN: 0-495-59966-2

Obama, B.H., (2011).  Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime: Addressing Converging Threats to National Security.  Retrieved From:  

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Strategy_to_Combat_Transnational_Organized_Crime_July_2011.pdf

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), (2012).  Organized Crime.  Retrieved From:  https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/index.html

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The Emergence of the Latin Kings in KY

by Elizabeth Hall 

Introduction

English: An example of common Latin Kings' vandalism - showing a crude depiction of a five-pointed crown and the saying, "Amor de Rey" (Love of the King). (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

According to the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGTA) (2011), the trends that stand out in gang activity in the United States are statistics that show an increase in gang membership, and the increase in the control that street level gangs have over the narcotics distribution in the country.  NGTA (2011) reports that 56% of national level street gangs pose a serious to moderate threat to our country.  The Latin Kings are an entrepreneurial style national street gang operation with branches from Washington State to Washington D.C. (NGTA, 2011). 

Latin Kings Activities in KY

English: The Triangle Center development in Lexington, Kentucky. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

On a local level in Lexington, Kentucky,  Foreman (2009) notes that in October of 2009 some members of the Latin Kings went on trial for killing one of their own members for missing meetings and dating the wrong girl.  Foreman (2009) also holds that, when she arrived here in the early 1990’s, working to help law enforcement and began looking around in schools she likened the signs she saw in Kansas City shortly before gang activity exploded there.  When School Officer Jeff Smith (personal communication, December 14, 2012) is asked what is the largest organized crime group in the city, without hesitation he brings out “Latin Kings”.  Foreman (2009) reinforces that notion about t

Latin Kings graffiti of the King Master along with the abbreviations "L" and "K" on the sides. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

he school officers knowing this activity when she states that a Lexington officer informed her that the youngest member he has seen in a school environment was only nine, and this age was optimal for recruitment.  Mobley (2010), states that the gangs in Lexington tend to operate out of specific geographical locations including Cardinal Valley and now, Center Parkway where most of the Latino population reside.  They commit crimes as small as vandalism and defacement of property when they spray paint the Latin Kings graffiti to homicide as noted earlier by Foreman (2009).

Välkommen till förorten (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Attributes of Latin Kings

English: This is a picture of a Latin King showing his Latin King tattoo--a lion with a crown--and signifying the five point star with his hands, which stands for the "Almighty" in the "Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation". No one else can claim copyright ownership of his picture and the individual in this picture approves of me posting this picture; I release it to the public. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Abadinsky (2009) holds that in order for a group to qualify as organized crime eight attributes must be present.  These are that the group must possess no political agenda, is hierarchal, membership is restricted, they represent a distinctive subculture, propagates on its own, has no problems resorting to violence, tries to establish monopolies in their communities, and hold their own rules and policies. The National Drug Intelligence Center (2003) holds that the Latin Kings are a recognized prison and street gang, predominately Hispanic, share socio-economic circumstances (Mobley, 2010), and distribute narcotics along with committing violent crime.  The Latin Kings recruit and maintain their own membership despite what happens to leaders and try to maintain their territory in the 

community.  They also maintain that the gang operates under a stringent rule and agreement system to maintain order and that they are extremely hierarchal (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2003)

Importance of Emergence in KY

Català: Bandera dels Latins Kings Español: Flag of Latin Kings Español: Bandera de los Latin Kings (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The importance of the Latin Kings emergence in Kentucky signals several things such as increased criminal activity in areas of the city and state, and increased violence, but also some more ominous problems such as corruption in the military bases or even local police forces as noted by the NGTA (2011).  Latin Kings have their members purposely join the police forces to stay ahead of the game by bribing or blackmailing public officials and officers, and they have members placed in the Army, Army Reserves, Navy, and Marine Corps.  When these members get out they have advanced military training to use to fight rival gangs, and, when they are serving, aid in the transnational crime of narcotics smuggling in and out of foreign countries. Latin Kings also have deep ties to the Mexican Drug Trafficking Organization (MDTO) known as the Sinaloa Cartel, which is one of the two largest cartels in Mexico.  The Latin Kings are affiliated with the people nation in the prison system and will actively recruit new members through Kentucky’s correctional system and have direct ties to the Chicago Latin Kings, which means that they will also participate in the trafficking of narcotics through the country by transporting them in and out of state lines.  Their presence also facilitates narcotics sales throughout the state.

Conclusion

English: A picture of Lexington, Kentucky taken by helicopter (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The Latin Kings have gained a larger presence in Kentucky, as part of the larger national problem of gang proliferation in the United States (Foreman 2009).  Influence by the Chicago based Latin Kings is felt from Washington State to Washington D.C. and the suburbs of Chicago and beyond.  This adversely affects the communities that have increased gang membership, the state of Kentucky, and the entire country as gang violence; drug crimes, and influence by the Sinaloa Cartel permeate our society through the schools, military, law enforcement, correctional systems, and neighborhoods.  Abadinsky (2009) reports of federal agents, journalists, and citizens murdered in the wake of the growth of gang influence in our border towns, along with increased violent crimes, and if the pattern ensues then it is just a matter of time until this extreme cartel violence spreads throughout the entire nation. 

References:

Abadinsky, H. (2009).  Organized crime (9th Ed.).  Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
ISBN: 0-495-59966-2

Foreman, K., (2009).  Criminal Street Gangs Invested in Kentucky.  Retrieved From:  https://docjt.ky.gov/Magazines/Issue%2031/KLE_Feature-On%20the%20Street_Fall%2009.pdf

Mobley, (2010).  Ray Larson Fayette Commonwealth’s Attorney Episode #19 Gang Unit Presentation.  Retrieved From: http://www.lexingtonprosecutor.com/?p=3561

National Drug Intelligence Center, (2003).  Georgia Drug Threat Assessment.  Retrieved From: http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs3/3669/overview.htm

National Gang Intelligence Center, (2011).  2011 National Gang Threat Assessment: Emerging Trends.  Retrieved From: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment-emerging-trends

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